nominal wages

In return, weak countries would need to commit themselves to falling nominal wages and a programme of fiscal retrenchment.

作为回报，处于困境的国家必须下定决心，降低名义工资，推行财政紧缩计划。

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Even the Greek colonels, Franco, Mussolini or Salazar would have been hard put to reduce nominal wages on the scale required.

即便是希腊的上校们、佛朗哥（franco）、墨索里尼（mussolini）或萨拉查（salazar）也会很难按所需的力度削减名义薪资。

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Nominal wages are effectively frozen, and are set to rise by only small percentages in the next few years.

德国的名义工资实际上被冻结，今后几年只会上调很少的百分点。

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What could and, in the original design of the eurozone, should have happened was no financing, a huge depression, falling nominal wages, mass defaults and, after years of devastation, recovery.

根据欧元区的原始设计方案，危机原本可能、也应该造成的结果是融资断绝、经济深度萧条、名义工资水平下降和大规模违约，并在经历几年劫难之后开始复苏。

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Moreover, if nominal wages did fall, the debt burden would become worse than forecast.

此外，如果名义工资的确下降，债务负担将变得比预期的还要糟糕。

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High unemployment was the mechanism for driving nominal and real wages down.

高失业率是压低名义及实际工资水平的主要原因。

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Moreover, the affected country would also suffer debt deflation: with falling nominal prices and wages, the real burden of debt denominated in euros will rise.

此外，受影响的国家还会遭受债务通缩（debt deflation）：随着名义价格和工资不断降低，以欧元计价的实际债务负担将会加重。

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It may also mean legal means for adjusting nominal wages, on a one-off basis.

或许还意味着以法律手段一次性调整名义工资。

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In the long run, high unemployment, aided by market-oriented reforms, should drive down nominal wages.

长期来看，高失业率伴以市场化改革，应该会推动名义工资下滑。

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Index of Nominal Average Daily Wages for Industrial Workers

工业工人每日平均名义工资指数

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But, even with unemployment at 25 per cent of the labour force, nominal wages have risen little less than in Germany since the crisis ( see chart).

但是，尽管西班牙的失业率已达25%，该国自本次危机以来的名义工资增幅却仍不低于德国（见表格）。

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It will itself generate a mixture of labour-shedding with falling nominal wages – a recipe for unemployment, unrest and creditor unease.

这一过程本身就意味着裁员、名义工资下降，这些都是导致失业率上升、社会动荡和债权人不安的因素。

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In countries such as Greece, Portugal and Ireland, that adjustment took place in a fairly swift and brutal fashion because of the financial crisis& and has resulted in cuts in nominal wages and pensions.

在希腊、葡萄牙和爱尔兰等国，由于此次金融危机，这种调整正以相当快速且残酷的方式出现，已导致名义薪资和养老金下调。

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He found that, from 2001 to 2005, when the economy was recovering, nominal wages actually fell 6 per cent.

他发现，从2001年至2005年日本经济复苏气渐，名义工资实际上下降了6%。

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In the six years from 1997, as recession hit, average nominal weekly wages fell by 1.25 per cent a year – and they have continued to fall ( on average) since then, though more slowly.

1997至2002年，日本饱受衰退折磨的6年里，日本的名义周薪平均每年下降1.25%。从2002年到现在，日本的（平均）名义工资仍在继续下降，只不过下降的速度更为缓慢。

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'It could have a positive impact on the mind-set of consumers if people see increases in their nominal wages,' Mr. Maruyama said.

丸山义正说，名义工资的上涨可能会对消费者心态有正面影响。

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To get there, nominal wages have shrunk enough to bring unit labour costs down by 7 per cent this year.

为了实现增长，爱沙尼亚的名义工资已大幅萎缩，使今年的单位劳动力成本降低了7%。

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This could not be done through an internal devaluation, where nominal wages and prices were reduced.

这不可能通过对内贬值来实现希腊的名义薪资和物价已然下调。

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Yet, at worst, a lengthy slump might be needed to grind out a reduction in nominal prices and wages.

但在最糟糕的情况下，要努力降低名义价格和工资，或许需要一次漫长的低迷。

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Second, while real wages seem to be downwardly flexible, nominal wages are less so.

其次，虽然实际工资似乎具备下调的弹性，但名义工资的下调弹性却较小。

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